Audio levels, dBu, dBV, and the gang: What you need to know
Apr 18, 2017 — Here’s what you need to know. First off, you need to know that I expended significant effort to avoid naming this article “ dB or not dB, that is the question ”. But seriously: The vast majority of line-level analog audio interfaces fall into two categories: Advertisement. Unbalanced, using “RCA” connectors, at a so-called “-10dBV ...
USB Type-C PD 3.0 Specification, Charging and Design - EDN
Jun 25, 2021 — The first one—Power Delivery 2.0—supports fixed output voltages including 5, 9, 12, 15, or 20V at specific operating currents, for example 3 A. The second specification—PD 3.0—includes programmable power supply (PPS), a feature that allows the USB Type-C charger’s output voltage to be adjusted in increments as small as 20 mV over ...
Cross Sectional Area Of Wire: Formula & Calculation - EDN
Nov 15, 2016 — How to find the cross sectional area of a wire. First, we define that the diameter of our wire is taken in thousandths of an inch where one one-thousandth of an inch is called “one mil.”. Thus, 0.001 inch = 1 mil, 0.01 inch = 10 mils and so forth. Then we define the cross sectional area simply as the square of the wire’s diameter in mils ...
Setup and Hold Time Basics - EDN
Apr 19, 2012 — Hold time is defined as the minimum amount of time after the clock’s active edge during which data must be stable. Violation in this case may cause incorrect data to be latched, which is known as a hold violation. Note that setup and hold time is measured with respect to the active clock edge only.
Automotive HVAC & Cabin Climate Control System Basics - EDN
Dec 21, 2012 — Introduction. Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) is the technology for indoor and automotive ambient comfort. HVAC facilitates in managing the pleasant climate inside the cabin by controlling the degree of hotness/coolness. There were times when having an air conditioner in a car was considered one of the big features, but today ...
Setup and Hold Time Equations and Formulas - EDN
Aug 10, 2012 — Hence to fulfill the setup time requirement, the formula should be like the following. T c2q + T comb + T setup≤ T clk + T skew (1) Let’s have a look at the timing diagram below to have a better understanding of the setup and hold time. Figure 2 Setup and hold timing diagram. Now, to avoid the hold violation at the launching flop, the data ...
Fundamentals of I3C interface communication - EDN
Dec 5, 2022 — Advertisement. I3C is a new serial communication protocol for embedded systems that offers significantly higher data throughput and more advanced features than I 2 C. With I3C, engineers and designers can improve the performance of their designs while also adding in new features like hot-join, in-band interrupts (IBI), and high data rate (HDR ...
Eye Diagram Basics: Reading, Analyzing and Applying
Dec 16, 2011 — An eye diagram is a common indicator of the quality of signals in high-speed digital transmissions. An oscilloscope generates an eye diagram by overlaying sweeps of different segments of a long data stream driven by a master clock. The triggering edge may be positive or negative, but the displayed pulse that appears after a delay period may go ...
Bandwidth of a signal from its rise time: Rule of Thumb #1
Nov 19, 2013 — Eric Bogatin, Signal Integrity Evangelist, Teledyne LeCroy, embarks on a mission to spell out some common rules of thumb in a new series of columns. Here is the first rule of thumb and first challenge. Where: RT = the 10-90% rise time of a square wave in nsec. BW = the bandwidth of the signal, in GHz. Advertisement.
A guide to using FETs for voltage controlled circuits, Part 1
Oct 13, 2017 — The answer is yes (e.g., VCR11), but it turns out that virtually any other FET (e.g., JFET and MOSFET) can be used as a voltage controlled resistor. Basic voltage controlled resistor (VCR) circuits. One of the simplest uses of a voltage controlled resistor is an electronically controlled attenuator or “volume control”.