Countries have debated for decades whether to allow mining on the ocean floor, a potential trove of critical minerals. Now, a ...

Countries have debated for decades whether to allow mining on the ocean floor, a potential trove of critical minerals. Now, ...

Strong public-private collaboration is needed to help South Africa to win back its top position in ferrochrome, ...

China’s deep-sea mining deal with the Cook Islands risks leaving the United States behind in critical minerals essential for energy, defense, and tech.

Beyond the visual spectacle, scientists are studying the microbial communities thriving within the ferromanganese crust on the rock surfaces. These communities vary across ocean basins, and ...

as well as polymetallic ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) nodules and crusts in the Andaman Sea and Lakshadweep Sea. Substantial reserves of construction-grade sand were found in Kerala at water depths ...

Cosmic origins: Beryllium-10 is produced in the upper atmosphere and eventually incorporated into ferromanganese crusts in the deep ocean. Around 10 million years ago, the amount deposited in these ...