There were fatal outbreaks during Napoleon's retreat from Moscow in 1812, during the Irish famine between 1816 and 1819, in Philadelphia in 1837, and all along the Eastern Front during World War I.

While the retreating Polish Army valiantly resisted the advancing German columns, Warsaw’s 1.3 million inhabitants were subjected to furious bombardment. Hospitals, churches and schools were hit.

“The heroism with which Poles rallied round the Jewish victims of Nazi persecution” during World War II at the risk of their own lives was hailed in an article published in the official Warsaw ...

Last October, Poland’s new Jewish museum celebrated the opening of its permanent exhibition, with the help of a committed group of Brandeisians. Located in what was once the heart of Jewish Warsaw — ...

Dating back to the 12th century, Warsaw was ravaged by German Nazis during World War II and was rebuilt under communist rule in the so-called Socialist Realism style.

The St. Kazimierz Catholic Church in New Town, Warsaw, was used as a hospital during World War II. Nuns housed many civilians in the church and cellars and gave medical aid as well as they could.