Conrad Waddington (1905–1975) coined the term “epigenetics” and defined it as “the branch of biology which studies ... Epigenetic regulation mediates adaptation to the environment by ...

To survive in harsh environmental conditions, extremophiles require special adaptations, including genetic changes which are followed by further changes in protein sequence and structure ... systems ...

Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems is the book that initiated this field of study, presenting the theoretical foundations and exploring applications.In its most familiar form, adaptation is ...

but the viral adaptation in humans remained unknown until now. Paul Sharp and colleagues from the University of Nottingham Queens Medical Centre in England compared full-length genome sequences of ...

Scientists have developed a theoretical model that uncovers the dual role of polyploidy -- organisms carrying extra genome copies -- in evolution. Their findings reveal that polyploidy can stabilize ...