The stratosphere is a very dry place and typically only the gases with a long lifespan –spanning decades – filter up into it, ...

When Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai, an underwater volcano near Tonga in the South Pacific Ocean, erupted in 2022, scientists ...

Past volcanic eruptions, such as that of nearby Pinatubo in 1991, have had this kind of cooling effect on the climate. On the other hand, water vapor, a greenhouse gas, cools the stratosphere but ...