The underlying framework is an updated version of the IMF's current effective exchange rate calculation ... warranting a recalculation of effective exchange rate indices on the basis of new trade ...

Even voting patterns in the UN General Assembly by client states in tandem with the United States and European partners prove the political-economy approach to the IMF lending decisions.

Academic studies have found correlations between IMF loan approvals and a country's alignment with US foreign policy interests, such as voting patterns in the United Nations or military ...

Download PDF More Formats on IMF eLibrary Order a Print Copy Create Citation We develop ... fuel and fertilizer price shocks on consumption patterns of heterogeneous households located in different ...